Medieval Fortifications: From Native Princes to Norman Lords

Medieval Fortifications: From Native Princes to Norman Lords

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After the collapse of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, Anglesey became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, one of the most powerful Welsh kingdoms. As native princes vied for power, the island's fertile lands and defensible position made it a valuable prize. Several early medieval military sites can be found on the island, including hillforts reused or adapted during this period.

One of the most prominent medieval sites is Aberlleiniog Castle, located near Beaumaris. Built in the wake of the Norman invasion of Gwynedd in the 11th century, the castle was likely constructed by Hugh d’Avranches, the Earl of Chester, as a timber motte-and-bailey fortification. Though eventually abandoned, the site demonstrates how the Normans recognized and utilized Anglesey’s military value.

Later, in the 13th century, the island became the focus of King Edward I’s campaign to conquer Wales. Following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, Edward built Beaumaris Castle, one of the finest examples of concentric castle design in Europe. Beaumaris was intended to complete Edward’s "iron ring" of castles to secure English dominance over Wales. Though never fully completed, its sheer size and sophistication reflect the strategic weight given to Anglesey in the English conquest.

Early Modern to Napoleonic Era: Coastal Defenses and Naval Importance

During the early modern period, Anglesey remained a quiet backwater in military terms, though the island's location remained of strategic naval interest. The nearby port of Holyhead became increasingly important, especially during the Napoleonic Wars, when Britain feared a French invasion.

Coastal defenses, though modest, were bolstered, and Anglesey’s proximity to Ireland meant that it served as a critical ferry and communications hub. In the 19th century, Holyhead developed further as a naval and commercial center, linking mainland Britain with Dublin. shutdown123

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